Currently it is believed that death was caused by a blow to the head, though researchers are unsure if this was due to a fall, or from being struck with a rock by another person.[22] DNA analysis revealed traces of blood from four other people on his gear: one from his knife, two from the same arrowhead, and a fourth from his coat. Interpretations of the findings were that Ötzi killed two people with the same arrow, and was able to retrieve it on both occasions, and the blood on his coat was from a wounded comrade he may have carried over his back.[20] Ötzi's unnatural posture in death (frozen body, face down, left arm bent across the chest) suggests that the theory of a solitary death from blood loss, hunger, cold and weakness is untenable. Rather, before death occurred and rigor mortis set in, the Iceman was turned on to his stomach in the effort to remove the arrow shaft.[23]
The DNA evidence suggests that he was assisted by companions who were also wounded; pollen and food analysis suggests that he was out of his home territory. The copper axe could not have been made by him alone. It would have required a concerted group tribal effort to mine, smelt and cast the copper axe head. This may indicate that Ötzi was actually part of an armed raiding party involved in a skirmish, perhaps with a neighboring tribe, and this skirmish had gone badly. It may also indicate that he was ambushed or attacked by a rival tribe's raiding party on his way to deliver the axe.When the Iceman's mitochondrial DNA was analyzed by Franco Rollo and his colleagues, it was discovered that he had genetic markers associated with reduced fertility. It has been speculated that this may have affected his social acceptance.[24]
They can make a movie of of that!
Outcast.
Warrior.
Legend.
The Iceman.
Coming to theatres 16 July.
The green area was the Caliphate of Córdoba.
Notice the landmass? This peninsula is mostly Spain today. Spain is the result of the unification of Castile and Aragon. Notice Castile in the map above. This is what it was between 929 - 1031.I had no idea Castile had such a long history. The earliest histories I know of, Leon was part of Castile. I never knew that so much of the region had once been Muslim land either. Lisbon was named Lisbon even before Portugal was Portugal.
So many of the names I recognize, Seville, Granada, Toledo, Cordoba, Barcelona. Btw I don't watch soccer, so I didn't learn these from their soccer tournaments. Instead, I remember these names from my time playing Europa Universalis 3, which was a strategy game based on the world just before Christopher Columbus discovered his "India"( which was also just before the end of the Reconquista with the fall of Granada) till the day the French Revolution began.
I loved to play as Spain, so I knew the lands a little better through this game. Why Spain? Because it just discovered the Americas! Historically, it got so filthy rich from the New World, all the other European powers united against it before it could unite with France (or some other big kingdom) to form the ultimate European superpower. The Spanish Empire was so strong, there is a quote from that era, said by the Count-Duke of Olivares, to illustrate this: "God is Spanish and fights for our nation these days".
Eventually Spain mined so much gold from the Americas its economy suffered from inflation (lolz gold overload) and Spain got screwed over by a combo of poor economy and the united European kingdoms.
But in the game, I kept my inflation as low as I could and almost conquered the whole of Europe. Alas, time was limited in the game. The day Napolean began taking over France, the game ended. So... T.T
And that's how I learnt about Spanish history. And also Chinese history, mainly the Yuan, Ming and Qing dynasties. And American pre-Revolution history.
Who said gaming is useless?
But anyway, I'm quite surprised that all those Spanish-sounding names were already there before Castile conquered them. I had thought that the Muslims would have given them some other Arab names and Castile had to give them new Spanish names when they re-conquered those lands.
Unless I'm wrong and Arab names actually can sound like that. Or this map only use Spanish names for our convenience and they didn't use these names back then.
Fascinating.
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